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现实主义作为一种艺术运动出现在 1848 年法国大革命前后，画家库尔贝和理论家尚弗勒里是其精神领袖。写实主义坚决表达了画家时代的风格、思想和面貌，非常看重真诚。现实主义也可以指一种现实主义的艺术方法。
特征
在我们的认知中，任何能够在形象的创作和塑造上清晰地表现出现实生活典型特征的作品，都可以称为写实主义作品。假设我们把适用于所有写实绘画的写实主义放在一边。在这种情况下，我们认为现实主义题材绘画真正出现在文艺复兴时期，其中既有18世纪启蒙时代的现实主义，也有19世纪的批判现实主义。文艺复兴时期的现实主义大多是把人性放在首位的人文主义思想，更直观地表达了人的个性和欲望的生动感受和高贵，而启蒙现实主义在分析社会关系方面有更进一步的表现。它是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一，崇尚客观观察现实生活，真实再现现实生活，和生命的再生产，推动历史向前发展。现实主义的代表人物有库尔贝、小米、杜米埃和柯罗。
巴比松学校
19世纪欧洲出现了现实主义，最初有“巴比松七星”，即小米、柯罗、卢梭、雅克、迪亚兹、特罗永、杜普雷和多比尼。
七位隐居在法国枫丹白露宫附近的巴比松村的画家热衷于描绘自然景观和乡村生活，其中最著名的是卢梭和米勒。卢梭擅长山水画，米勒的农民画质朴感人， 《三钟经》 和 《拾穗者》 反映了真实的乡村生活。著名的现实主义画家是库尔贝，他反映了下层阶级的生活，如 《碎石者》 。他有句名言：“我不会画天使，因为我从未见过他。”
进化
政治讽刺作家杜米埃创作了大量深思熟虑和夸张的石版画和绘画作品。德国版画家Käthe Kollwitz 以其社会民主主义思想和鲜明的个人风格，创作了一系列反映工人运动和农民生活的铜版画和石版画。俄罗斯批判现实主义产生了列宾和苏里科夫等杰出画家。法国雕塑家罗丹的作品也具有一定的写实品质。
The realist movement in painting embodied a new spirit of objectivity. Of course, this was not the first time artists chose to depict their lives and people, as for centuries, this has been a priority for artists. In the 17th century, Caravaggio and the Dutch painted in a realistic style. It is unfortunate to refer to the period between Romanticism and Impressionism as Realism when the same underlying aesthetic goals can be found in other periods and genres. However, 19th-century painters, those who favored Realism and those who opposed it, gave the movement its own title. In 1855, Courbet used the term "Realism" to describe his one-man art exhibition at the Place d'Alma in Paris in protest against it. The Paris Salon rejected his opinion. He admitted in the catalog, "The title of Realism was imposed on me, just as the title of Romanticism was imposed on the artists of 1830." However, he often adopted the term when defining his art later. In 1856, Duranty used the title "Realism" for the periodical he founded, and the following year he published a book called 尚弗勒里。
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